Authors analyze paid and unpaid work-time inequalities among Bolivian urban adults using time use data from a 2001 household survey. They identified a gender-based division of labor characterized not so much by who does what type of work but by how much work of each type they do. There is a trade-off between paid and unpaid work, but this trade-off is only partial: women's entry into the labor market tends to result in a double shift of paid and unpaid work. Authors also find very high levels of within-group inequality in the distributions of paid and unpaid work-time for men and women, a sign that, beyond the sexual division of labor, subgroup differentiation is also important. Using decompositions of the inequality in the distribution of total time spent at work, they show that gender plays an important role in determining the proportion of paid to unpaid work done by individuals, but it plays a lesser role in determining the higher total workload of some individuals relative to others.
By examining how women present themselves as working class subjects in autobiographical writings of Nineteenth century England, author argues that even as relational subjectivity is constructive for women in the middle and/or upper-classes, Nineteenth century working women’s self-presentation as individuals mirror male centered subjectivity in notable ways due to their material circumstances. Working class women were socialized quite differently than middle class women, producing a hybrid subjectivity incorporating theories of both male and female development.