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a crack in the glass ceiling
- Categories
- Article/Artikel
- Magazine Title
- Advancing Women in Leadership Online Journal
- Magazine Year
- 2006
- Magazine Number
- 21
- Creator
- Sincoff, Michael Z.
- Creator
- Baker, Bud
- Creator
- Graham, T. Scott
- Thesaurus
- ingenieurs, loopbanen, glazen plafond, gelijke beloning, gelijke behandeling, overheid, Verenigde Staten, 20e eeuw, 21e eeuw
- Description
- In 1991, the United States government began efforts to address the 'glass ceiling' and its effects on the federal workforce. This article explores the nature of the glass ceiling, particularly progress made since 1991 on the pay status and hierarchical placement of the almost 200,000 engineers in United States federal civilian employment. When a glass ceiling exists, men occupy a disproportionately high percentage of the higher ranks in a career field, while women tend to be overrepresented in its lower ranks. Similarly, on average men earn higher pay than women in the same organizational rank. These were exactly the conditions of the federal engineering field in 1991, the year of the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 that addressed the glass ceiling, among other topics. In 1991, as a result of the existence of the glass ceiling, women engineers earned only about 81% of the salaries and wages of their male counterparts. Through an exploration of federal employment databases, this article suggests that the condition of women engineers in government service has improved in the years since 1991—more female engineers are on the government rolls, they make up a much larger proportion of senior engineering management, and their compensation is much closer to parity with men—but they are not yet equal with males on any of these dimensions.
- Categories
- Article/Artikel
- Magazine Title
- Facta, sociaal-wetenschappelijk magazine
- Magazine Year
- 2006
- Magazine Number
- 51
- Creator
- Rys, Brigitte
- Thesaurus
- wetenschappelijke beroepen, gender, loopbanen, gelijke beloning, man vrouw verschillen, industrie, België, Europa
- Description
- In deze factsheet wordt ingegaan op welke rol vrouwen spelen in onderzoek en ontwikkeling in het bedrijfsleven. Gekeken wordt naar hoeveel vrouwelijke wetenschappers er aan het werk zijn, op welk niveau en welke branches ze ondervertegenwoordigd zijn. Ook wordt ingegaan op de vraag of vrouwen dezelfde carrièremogelijkheden en financieringsbronnen aangereikt krijgen als mannen en op de vraag of zij dezelfde lonen en promoties als mannen in de verschillende stadia van hun loopbaan hebben. Daarom wordt er in de factsheet gebruik gemaakt van statistieken die rekening houden met de genderdimensie. Toch komt een identieke genderkloof in alle datasets naar voren, ook al zijn er lichte afwijkingen tussen de cijfers. Cijfermateriaal over wetenschappelijk onderzoekers m/v in de Vlaamse bedrijvensector is bijzonder schaars. Daarom, en omdat research per definitie een grensoverschrijdende materie is, wordt de Europese onderzoeksruimte ook hier in betrokken.
- Categories
- Article/Artikel
- Magazine Title
- Journal of International Women's Studies
- Magazine Year
- 2006
- Magazine Number
- 1
- Creator
- Elliott, Dawn Richards
- Thesaurus
- inkomen, gelijke beloning, arbeid, Jamaica
- Description
- Author addresses the poor socio-economic performance of Jamaican females despite superior human capital. A holistic explanation exploring female lifestyle choices is advanced since discipline-specific theories fail to explain occupational clustering and the resulting earnings gap. It is hypothesized that both reflect lifestyle constraints, which may be linked to characteristics of the social environment. Since these constraints affect different groups of women differently, then policies designed to reduce occupational dis-similarity and female-male earnings gap must adapt a dis-aggregated analysis.
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