This report considers how, when and why gender matters in Canada’s refugee determination process. This research involved more than 100 interviews with people in the refugee process, community activists, refugee lawyers, refugee decision makers and others working with Canada’s refugee determination system. The project gathers all available sex-disaggregated statistics relevant to the experience of a person claiming refugee status in Canada. It also aggregates and summarizes the myriad laws, policies, rules and regulations that frame the refugee experience in Canada. The key themes are complexity, vulnerability and change. With 79 recommendations.