This publication was inspired by papers presented at the international historical conference of Women Scholars and Institutions organized by the Research Center for History of Science and the Commission Women in Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The National Contact Center - Women & Science and the Sociological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic chaired one of the conference’s sections called Gendered Knowledge: The Reshaping of “Normal” Science. The publication is the result of joint work of the panelists and organizers of the section and also corresponds with the Center’s focus. The Center’s mission is to promote the position of women in science, and we have been continuously confronted with the idea that this issue cannot be reduced to the mere proportion of women working at research institutions and activities aiming at increasing their numbers.