The extent of differences in roles between men and women in Kosova is examined. Kosovar men devote 57 percent of their leisure time to earned income activities (i.e., agriculture, other self-employed, and hired), and only 4 percent to housekeeping. Kosovar women, however, devote 14 percent of their time to earned income activities and 65 percent to housekeeping. There are differences across Kosova's ethnic groups, with much less rigid gender roles among ethnic Serbian than is true for ethnic Albanians. Rigidly defined gender roles result in significant inefficiencies in the economy. Ethnic Serbian Kosovars have significantly higher incomes and lower incidences of poverty than their ethnic Albanian counterparts.
Author analysed the womens movement in East Germany, and whether an independent women's movement existed or not. The state's policy toward women was primarily aimed in the direction of mothers, and not toward women as women. The women's question was included into the social question and the class struggle, and not identified as an individual aspect of gender relations. Gradually, women began to realize that emancipation and equality meant more than employment and economic independence.