Gender is recognized as a fundamental organizing principle for economic as well as social life, and related research has grown in the recent decades across branches of economics. This volume takes stock of this research, proposes novel analytical frameworks and outlines further research directions. It grew out of the Summer School of International Research of the University of Siena that traditionally brings together the most representative scholars in the chosen field. The essays cover recent advances in gender related issues across disciplinary branches, from Economic History and the History of Economic Thought to Macroeconomics, Household Economics, the Economics of Care Work, Labour Economics, Institutional and Experimental Economics.